Xiaobai Yao and Bin Jiang.
Visualization of Qualitative Locations in Geographic Information Systems.
In Cartography and Geographic Information Science, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 219--229, 2005.


Links:

Abstract:

A qualitative location (QL) refers to the reference of a spatial location using linguistic terms such as qualitative descriptions and qualitative spatial relations with other geo-referenced features. Qualitative locations will be increasingly more popular in the future, driven by theoretical, technological, and database developments. Multiplicity and uncertainty are two innate characteristics of QLs. In other words, a QL often has multiple target locations (multiplicity), and the target locations sometimes cannot be pinpointed exactly due to the qualitative nature (uncertainty) of the qualitative descriptions and relations. The presence of the characteristics imposes research challenges on visualization of QL in geographic information systems (GIS). In response to the visualization challenges we discuss four strategies-namely proportional symbol mapping, fog map, fuzzy 3D surface, and fuzzy-logic-based animation-for the visualization of QL referents in GIS. These strategies combine conventional mapping and advanced interactive visualization methods. Each of them is suitable for one or more scenarios, depending on the presence of either one or both of the two characteristics. All illustrations and related animations are also available at http://www.ggy.uga.edu/people/faculty/xyao/VisQL.html.

Bibtex:

@Article{        yao:2005:VQLG,
  author = 	 {Xiaobai Yao and Bin Jiang},
  title = 	 {Visualization of Qualitative Locations in Geographic
                  Information Systems},
  journal = 	 {Cartography and Geographic Information Science},
  year = 	 {2005},
  volume = 	 {32},
  number = 	 {4},
  pages = 	 {219--229},
}

Images:

References:

Andrienko, N., G. Adrienko, A. Savinov, H Voss, and D. Wettschereck, D. 2001. Exploratory analysis of spatial data using interactive maps and data mining. Cartography and Geographic Information Science 28(3): 151-65.
Bertin J. 1983. Semiology of graphics. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. Bittner, T., and J.G. Stell. 1998. A boundary-sensitive approach to qualitative location. In: Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence. pp. 93-114.
Bittner, T. 1999. On ontology and epistemology of rough location. In: C. Freksa and D. M. Mark (eds),Spatial information theory-Cognitive and computational foundations of geographic information science, Proceedings, COSIT'99. Lecture Notes in Computer Science No. 1661. Springer. Pp. 433-48.
Burrough, P. 1996. Natural objects with indeterminate boundaries. In: P. A. Burrough and A.U. Frank (eds), Geographic objects with indeterminate boundaries. Bristol, U.K.: Taylor & Francis Ltd. pp.3-28.
Clarke, K., P. D. Teague, and H. G. Smith. 1999. Virtual depth-based representation of cartographic uncertainty. In: W. Shi, M. Goodchild, and P. Fisher (eds.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Spatial Data Quality '99, 18-20th July, Hong Kong. pp. 253-259.
DiBiase, D., A.M. MacEachren, J.B. Krygier, and C. Reeves. 1992. Animation and the role of map design in scientific visualization. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 19(4): 201-14, 265-66.
Egenhofer, M J., and D. Mark. 1995. Nave geography. In: A. U. Frank and W. Kuhn (eds.), Proceedings, COSIT `95: Spatial Information Theory: A Theoretical Basis for GIS. Berlin, Germany: Springer. pp.1-15.
Frank, A.U. 1992. Qualitative spatial reasoning about distances and directions in geographic space. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing 3: 343-71.
Fisher, P.F. 1994. Hearing the reliability in classified remotely sensed images. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 21(1): 31-36.
Fisher, P.F. 1996. Animation of reliability in computer-generated dots maps and elevation models. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 23(4): 196-205.
Franklin, N. 1996. Language as a means of constructing and conveying cognitive maps. In: J. Portugali (ed.), The Construction of Cognitive Maps. Boston, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 275-96.
Gahegan, M., M. Wachowicz, M. Harrower, and T. M. Rhyne. 2001. The integration of geographic visualization with knowledge discovery in databases and geocomputation. Cartography and Geographic Information Science 28(1): 29-44.
Golledge, R.G. 1998. Wayfinding behavior: Cognitive mapping and other spatial processes. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Guesgen, H. W. 2002. Reasoning about distance based on fuzzy sets. Applied Intelligence 17: 265-70.
Günther, O., and R. Müller. 1999. From GISystems to GIServices: Spatial computing in the internet marketplace. In: M. Goodchild, M.J. Egenjofer, R. Fegeas, and K. Kottman (eds), Interoperability in Geographic Information Systems.Boston, Massachusetts: Kluwer Academic Publishers. pp. 427-42.
Jiang B., A. Brown, and F. J. Ormeling . 1996. Some perceptual aspects of colouring uncertainty. In: M. J. Kraak and M. Molenaar (eds), Advances in GIS Research II. London, U.K.:Taylor & Francis. pp. 477-90.
Jiang B. 1998. Visualisation of fuzzy boundaries of geographico, Cartography: Journal of Mapping Sciences Institute (Australia) 27(2): 31-6.
Kuipers, B. 2004. Making sense of common sense knowledge. Ubiquity 4(45).
Lakoff, G. 1987. Women, fire, and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.
Lobben, A. 2003. Classification and application of cartographic animation. The Professional Geographer 55(3): 318-28.
Lynch, K. 1960. The image of the city. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
MacEachren, A.M. 1992. Visualizing uncertain information. Cartographic Perspectives13:10-19.
MacEachren, A.M. 1995. How maps work: Representation, visualization, and design. New York, New York: Guilford.
MacEachren, A. M., M. Wachowicz, R. Edsall, and D. Haug. 1999. Constructing knowledge from multivariate spatiotemporal data: Integrating geographical visualization with knowledge discovery. International Journal of Geographical Information Science13(4): 311-34.
Mark, D.M., and A.U. Frank. 1992. NCGIA research initiative 2: Language of spatial relations. Closing Report. NCGIA Technical Report Series. [http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/pubs/pubslist.html#92-1; accessed 11/30/2005].
McGranaghan, M. 1993. A cartographic view of spatial data quality. Cartographica 30(2-3): 8-19.
Montello, D.R., and M.F. Goodchild. 2003. Where's downtown? Behavioral methods for determining referents of vague spatial queries. Spatial Cognition and Computation 2(2&3): 185-204.
Raper, J. 2005. Geo-empowerment. Keynote speech at the Auto-Carto 2005, March 21-23, 2005. Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
Robinson, V.B. 1990. Interactive machine acquisition of a fuzzy spatial relation. Computers and Geosciences 16(6): 857-72.
Slocum, T.A., S.C. Yoder, F.C. Kessler, and R.S. Sluter. 2000. MapTime: Software for exploring spatiotemporal data associated with point locations. Cartographica 37(1): 15-31.
Slocum, T.A. 2003. Evaluating the usability of a tool for visualizing the uncertainty of the future global water balance. Cartography and Geographic Information Science 30(4).
Slocum, T.A., R.B. McMaster, F.C. Kessler, H.H. Howard. 2005. Thematic cartography and geographic visualization, 2nd edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.
Smith, B., and A.C. Varzi. 2000. Fiat and bona fide boundaries. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 60: 401-20.
Smith, B., and D. Mark. 2003. Do mountains exist? Towards an ontology of landforms. Environment and Planning B 30: 411-27.
Wang, F. 2003. Handling grammatical errors, ambiguity and impreciseness in GIS natural language queries. Transactions in GIS7(1):103-121.
Weber, C., and B. Buttenfield. 1993. A cartographic animation of average yearly surface temperatures for the 48 contiguous states. Cartography and Geographic Information Systems 20:141-50.
Worboys, M. F. 2001. Nearness relations in environmental space. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 15(7): 633-51.
ao, X., and J.C. Thill. 2005a. Spatial queries with qualitative locations in spatial information systems. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems (In press).
Yao, X., and J. C. Thill. 2005b. How far is too far?-A statistical approach to context-contingent proximity modeling. Transactions in GIS 9(2):157-78.
Zadeh, L. 1965. Fuzzy sets. Information and Control 8: 339-53.