The issues
Sensitivity: According to Mark
Fairchild's tech reports (scroll down), the luminance of white on
a CRT he tested was 56 cd/m^2 (but he mentioned to me that this was
lower than its maximum possible output), and on LCDs, he measured 153,
162, and 188 cd/m^2. I want to characterize the output curves for the
individual primaries, and the hardest one will be blue, since its less
luminous than red and green. The middle row of RGB to XYZ conversion
matrices usually puts blue's contribution to luminance at about 10%,
leading to luminances of only 5.6 cd/m^2 for CRTs and about 16 cd/m^2
for LCDs.
If I (somewhat arbitrarily) decide that I need to resolve 300
luminance levels between the color being off (input level = 0) and the
color being all the way on (input level = 255) that means I need
resolution of about 0.019 cd/m^2 for CRTs and 0.053 cd/m^2 for LCDs.
Illuminance vs Luminance: A sensitive illuminance meter could
suffice for this project. On LCDs, I wouldn't want the patch on the
screen to subtend more than about 1/10 or 1/8 of a steradian, because
then the view-dependent effects of the display could start kicking in.
Combined with the fact that I want to see changes in low levels of
blue, this puts my sensitivity requirement at about 0.0053 lux or
0.0005 footcandles (for a 1/10 steradian patch)! However, if I'm
using an illuminance meter, I could put a diffusing surface on
directly top of the screen, which would average out all the
view-dependent effects, and allow me larger patches. But I'm not
certain if averaging out view dependencies is a valid thing to do ...
Price: Under $500 would be best, but I'm curious what's possible
for under $700 or so.
CRTs: CRTs have very non-constant luminance: as the electron
beam sweeps by, the spot being refreshed is very bright, and then the
phosphors die off pretty quickly. This
page says it can get as high as 10,000 cm/m^2, and describes the
risk of the device being inaccurate because of clipping at high
values, as well as the need for long time-averaging.
Renting: Renting an expensive device is a possible alternative
to buying a cheap one. For example, I found a company
that can rent Tektronix J17 photometer (discontinued in the mid
1990s) with a luminance
or colorimetry
head for $344 a month. Renting a Minolta (see below) would be nice, but I
don't know where.
Who else cares: A community of people that deals with these
measurement issues is perceptual
psychologists working on the human visual system. Using CRTs for
producing test stimuli is cheap but the device has to be calibrated.
Many of the companies listed above are mentioned on this
page compiling one person's query and responses to a question
about available devices. Also, David Brainard's Psychophysics Toolbox
website has a similar listing of companies and
distributors, but I don't think all of these are useful for
pychologists.
Possible luminance meters I've found so far
Quantum Instruments (516)-222-6000 (New Jersey)
The PMLX is for luminance measurement, but I think the PML can also
be used with the luminance probe.
Hotekteck: (253)-927-6186 (Tacoma, Washington)
This curious company seems to have a very nice device (HD9221) for
cheap ($250 plus $207 for luminance probe), but I'm not entirely
sure of its capabilities, or who actually manufactures the thing.
Macam (in Scotland)
Emailed them for price information, didn't hear back yet.
Extech 403125
Learned about this illuminance meter from Cole-Parmer, who used to sell
the Quantum Instruments meters. Apparently this one is especially good
for low light levels, but I don't think its sensitive enough.
Wonderful devices that probably cost too much
- LMT (German). Mark
Fairchild's lab has an LMT L1009, which costs about $16,000. He says
its "accurate to within a a couple of percent and precise to a tenth
or a hundreth of a percent".
- Radiant
Imaging: video photometers for taking a whole image of
measurements
- Photo
Research: PR-880 costs $23,100
- Minolta's
meters: the LS-100
(for $3145)
or the LS-110 (also $3145)
would be fantastic.
- Gamma Scientific: I think these are all way to expensive, someone at Pixar says that
DR-2550 is about $7000.
- The "Goldilux" from Oriel (in
Connecticut), costs $847, and need a $372 probe for luminance,
and has a lead time in January.
- Hagner (in Sweden) makes some luminance
meters such as the Screenmaster
($772), the S3
($2979), and the EC1-L ($702). The
emailed me prices in pounds, I converted.
- International Light:
The IL1400A costs $845, and the SEL 033 with "luminance barrel" is $825
- TopCon (800) 223-1130 (New Jersey)
(via Hoffman engineering: (203)425-8900 (Connecticut))
The BM-9 body is about $1000, the luminance sensor head is about $3700
- UDT instruments
The S371R handheld is $918.25, the m265 sensor is $514
The last one is the basis of Cambridge Research Systems's OptiCAL system. In terms of over-all
goals, this systems is closest to what I'm after, but I can write all the
software I need, and I'm not interested in "calibrating" my monitor- only
characterizing its output.
Google searches that were useful/educational